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The pig spine is widely used as a large animal model for preclinical research in human medicine to test new spinal implants and surgical procedures. Among them, pedicle screw is one of the most common method of fixation of those implants. However, the pedicle of the porcine vertebra is not as well defined and not as large as the pedicle of the human vertebra. Therefore, the position of the screw should be adapted to the pig and not merely transposed based on the literature on humans. The purpose of this study is to determine the characteristics of the optimum implantation corridors for pedicle screws in the thoracolumbar spine of piglets of different ages using computed tomography (CT) and to determine the size and length of these corridors in pigs of different ages. CT scans from five groups of age: 6, 10, 14, 18, and 26 weeks were reviewed.
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For each thoracolumbar vertebrae, the pedicle width, pedicle axis length, and the pedicle angle was measured for the left and right pedicle. A total of 326 thoracic vertebrae and 126 lumbar vertebrae were included in the study. Pedicles are statistically larger but not longer for the lumbar vertebrae. An important variation of the pedicle angle is observed along the spine. In all pigs, an abrupt modification of the pedicle angle between T10 and T11 was observed, which corresponds to the level of the anticlinal vertebra which is the vertebra for which the spinous process is nearly perpendicular to the vertebral body.
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In conclusion, this study provides a quantitative database of pedicle screw implantation corridors in pigs of different ages. When using pedicle screws in experimental studies in pigs, these results should be considered for selecting the most suitable implants for the study but also to ensure a correct and safer screw position. Improving study procedures may limit postoperative complications and pain, thereby limiting the use of live animals. Introduction Scoliosis is a complex three-dimensional deformity of the spine affecting the orientation, position and morphology of the vertebrae in 3 dimensions. Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis is the most common type of scoliosis [].
For many years, the standard surgical treatment when bracing was not sufficient has been spinal fusion to achieve an acute and stable correction of the spine. However, several issues, such as reduced mobility, reduced thoracic cage volume, reduced stature and the crankshaft phenomenon, are observed with these types of treatments in young patients. Therefore, to avoid these complications, surgical techniques and implants are being developed to achieve scoliosis correction without fusion of the spine. The goal of these fusionless surgeries is to control the deformity in all three dimensions while preserving the growth of the spine [, ]. Because there are no reported spontaneous animal models of scoliosis, scoliosis animal models have been developed and reported in the literature []. The induction of scoliosis-like deformities has been described in small species such as rabbits, chickens and rats as well as in large animals such as pigs, cows, goats and sheep. Numerous prenatal, systemic, or local surgical procedures are needed to create experimental scoliosis within these animal species.
Because of their size, large-animal models are more suitable than small-animal models for the development of new corrective devices. Among the large-animal models, domestic pigs appear to be one of the most suitable species for preclinical testing [–] because their spines have a similar size and shape as the human spine and because of their growth potential and early weaning. Finally, domestic pigs are readily available, inexpensive, easy to handle and well accepted as an ethical animal model [,, ]. In most cases, spinal implant fixation [–] is performed with pedicular screws. Pedicular screws are the strongest means of fixation of the growing rod in pigs []. As in humans, the size and position of the screw should be adapted to the vertebra to avoid violation of the vertebral canal during screw insertion and to limit screw pull out during the postoperative period. However, the pedicle of the porcine vertebra is not as well defined and not as large as the pedicle of the human vertebra.